● Protein which can be found in the urine of persons with urinary schistosomiasis, urinary tract infections, nephrotic syndrome, renal diseases such as It may also be found in urine from pregnant women and sometimes from healthy young individuals.
● Glucose which may be found in the urine of diabetic patients and occasionally in some healthy individuals.
● Ketones which can be found in the urine of untreated diabetic patients or persons suffering from starvation.
● Bilirubin which can be found in the urine of persons with hepatocellular jaundice or cholestatic (obstructive) jaundice.
● Urobilinogen (in increased amounts), which can be found in the urine of those with conditions causing abnormal haemolysis.
● Nitrite which can be found in the urine of
patients with urinary tract infection caused by nitrate-reducing bacteria.
● Blood which can be found in the urine in urinary schistosomiasis, bacterial infections, acute glomerulonephritis (inflammation of the glomeruli of the kidneys), sickle cell disease, leptospirosis, infective endocarditis, calculi (stones) in the urinary tract, malignancy of the
urinary tract, and haemorrhagic conditions.
Free haemoglobin in urine can be found in
malaria haemoglobinuria and other conditions that cause intravascular haemolysis
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