It is done to identify abnormalities in the rate of protein synthesis and removal
What are the normal ranges for Serum Globulin
2.5g/dl – 3.5g/dl
What causes increase in serum Globulin
What causes decrease in serum Globulin
Assists in confirming myocardial or pulmonary infarction. It is also used in differential diagnosis of muscular dystrophy and pernicious anaemia.
HIGH LEVELS ASSOCIATED WITH:
1. Pipette 1 ml of clear urine into a test tube of the same size as the small standard tubes. If the urine is cloudy, filter or centrifuge it to obtain a clear sample for testing.
2. Add 1 ml of acidified silver nitrate reagent to the urine and mix. Caution: The reagent is corrosive. Also handle it
with care because although colourless it will stain skin, clothes, bench surfaces, etc, and the brown colour is difficult to remove.
3. Examine the urine for a cloudiness. Estimate the approximate concentration of chloride in the urine by matching the cloudiness with the standards. Matching is best carried out against a dark background.
4. Report the approximate chloride concentration in the urine in mmol/l.
If the urine remains clear after adding the reagent report the test as ‘no chloride detected’. Use a ‘normal’ urine as a positive control.
● Protein which can be found in the urine of persons with urinary schistosomiasis, urinary tract infections, nephrotic syndrome, renal diseases such as It may also be found in urine from pregnant women and sometimes from healthy young individuals.
● Glucose which may be found in the urine of diabetic patients and occasionally in some healthy individuals.
● Ketones which can be found in the urine of untreated diabetic patients or persons suffering from starvation.
● Bilirubin which can be found in the urine of persons with hepatocellular jaundice or cholestatic (obstructive) jaundice.
● Urobilinogen (in increased amounts), which can be found in the urine of those with conditions causing abnormal haemolysis.
● Nitrite which can be found in the urine of
patients with urinary tract infection caused by nitrate-reducing bacteria.
● Blood which can be found in the urine in urinary schistosomiasis, bacterial infections, acute glomerulonephritis (inflammation of the glomeruli of the kidneys), sickle cell disease, leptospirosis, infective endocarditis, calculi (stones) in the urinary tract, malignancy of the
urinary tract, and haemorrhagic conditions.
Free haemoglobin in urine can be found in
malaria haemoglobinuria and other conditions that cause intravascular haemolysis
– Glomerular or tubular urinary disease.
Proteinuria accompanies acute glomerulonephritis and is due to increased permeability of the glomerular basement
membrane. The degree of proteinuria reflects the severity of the condition and helps in assessing prognosis and
response to treatment.
– HIV associated renal disease and treatment with nephrotoxic antiretroviral drugs.
– Pyogenic or tuberculous pyelonephritis.
– Severe lower urinary tract infection.
– Nephrotic syndrome which is a condition characterized by heavy proteinuria and oedema. The oedema is caused by a reduction in the colloid osmotic pressure due to a fall in the level of plasma albumin brought about when proteinuria
rises to 5 or 10 g/l per day.
– Eclampsia when there is moderate to marked proteinuria.
– Urinary schistosomiasis which is usually accompanied by both proteinuria and haematuria.
– Severe febrile illnesses including malaria.
– Occasionally in diabetes . Diabetic nephropathy sometimes causes a nephrotic syndrome
It is tested to evaluate renal failure, gout and leukemia
What are the normal ranges for Uric acid?
What causes increase in Serum Uric acid
What causes decrease in Serum Uric acid
Tested to evaluate patients with suspected atherosclerosis
What are normal ranges for Serum Triglycerides
What causes increase in Serum Triglycerides
What causes decrease in Serum Triglycerides
Assists in proper evaluation and interpretation of calcium levels. It is used to detect disorders of endocrine system, bone diseases and kidney dysfunction.
What are the normal ranges of Phosphorus
2.5mg/dl – 4.5mg/dl
What causes high levels of Serum Phosphorus?
What causes low levels of serum Phosphorus?
Serum creatinine is a better indicator of overall renal function and progression to renal failure.
Serum creatinine levels are less affected than urea levels by age, dehydration, and catabolic states, e.g. fever, sepsis, and internal bleeding as compared to UREA
Creatinine levels are also less influenced by changes in diet such as low intake of protein (providing this is not prolonged).
Increasingly the measurement of serum creatinine is being used to investigate HIV associated renal disease and to monitor patients being treated
with nephrotoxic antiretroviral drugs, e.g. tenofovir.
What are normal Ranges?
Males: 60–130 mol/l 0.7 to 1.4 mg/100 ml
Females: 40–110 mol/l 0.4 to 1.2 mg/100 ml
Lower in children depending on
muscle mass.
What does results indicate?
Increase in serum creatinine levels is associated with diseases that cause renal failure:
Diseases that can cause renal failure with a reduced GFR include glomerulonephritis (inflammation of the kidney glomeruli), pyelonephritis (inflammation of the pelvis of the kidney), and renal tuberculosis.
Continue reading “SERUM CREATININE TEST”Is an indicator of renal function but is more affected by state of hydration and dietary intake. CREATININE is therefore more preferred.
What are normal ranges for UREA TEST?
Adults: 3.3–7.7 mmol/l OR 20–46 mg/100 ml
Infants: 1.3–5.8 mmol/l OR 8–35 mg/100 ml
Values are higher in the elderly and slightly lower in females.
What causes rise in serum Urea levels?
Renal causes of increase are same as those of CREATININE
Non-renal causes: Slight increases in urea (not more than three times the upper limit of the reference range) may occur when there is:
– Dehydration
– Diuretic therapy
– Gastrointestinal blood loss
– Any condition associated with increased protein breakdown such as pneumonia, malaria, meningitis, typhoid, major trauma, and surgical operations.
What causes low serum levels?
Low urea levels may be found in:
– Pregnancy
– Malnutrition and AIDS
– Severe liver disease
– Water overload
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